elite effort, uneven fuel: why paracyclists need more than able-bodied nutrition plans
in a sport where every second counts and every calorie matters, the gap in scientifically-driven nutrition advice has consequences—not just for performance but for long-term health and equity in high-performance sport.
4 minute read
better education, improved access, and stronger integration of nutrition into coaching and support systems are key in supporting paracyclists overall health and performance.
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elite para-cyclists train with the same discipline, intensity and drive as their able-bodied peers. they push limits, chase podiums and fuel their bodies for performance. but behind the scenes, a critical gap remains in how those bodies are nourished, not due to neglect but because the science hasn’t caught up.
a new analysis of elite paracyclists’ diets reveals what many athletes and support teams have long suspected: while most athletes meet general nutrition guidelines, their diets often rely heavily on supplements, fall short on fibre, and are shaped by advice not fully tailored to their specific physiological needs.
in a sport where every second counts and every calorie matters, that gap has consequences—not just for performance but for long-term health and equity in high-performance sport.
the invisible divide
nutrition science in sport has advanced dramatically in recent decades. athletes at all levels benefit from detailed macronutrient guidance, recovery protocols and customized fueling plans. however, for para-athletes, particularly in endurance sports like paracycling, much of this research hasn’t yet been built for their bodies.
physiological responses to training, energy expenditure, digestion and muscle recovery can vary based on the type and extent of impairment. that means strategies optimized for able-bodied athletes may not transfer cleanly to athletes who use wheelchairs or prosthetics or who experience changes in metabolism because of neurological or musculoskeletal conditions.
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the result is a patchwork of advice—some helpful, some incomplete—where elite athletes are often left to fill in the gaps with supplements, assumptions, or trial and error.
closer look at the plate
researchers collected detailed dietary data from 31 elite paracyclists (12 male, 19 female) across several english-speaking countries to better understand what these athletes are eating. participants completed a comprehensive 165-item food frequency questionnaire, reporting how often they consumed a wide range of foods over the previous month.
their responses were analyzed against dietary reference intakes (dris)—the standard benchmark for assessing nutritional adequacy in the general population.
at first glance, the news was positive. most athletes met or exceeded their needs for essential nutrients, indicating a general awareness of how to fuel for performance. but the picture became more complex in the details.
the fibre gap
one of the most consistent issues was fibre. despite meeting most nutrient benchmarks, 42 per cent of female and 75 per cent of male athletes reported fibre intakes below recommended levels.
fibre doesn’t just support digestion—it plays a role in glucose regulation, cardiovascular health and satiety. athletes must manage energy levels and gut health under high training loads. and in the general population, low fibre intake has been linked to higher risks of chronic disease.
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practical dietary choices may partially explain low fibre intake for paracyclists. many prioritize quick-digesting foods to support training and recovery, particularly around races or heavy training blocks. others may face unique digestive challenges related to their impairment or training adaptations, which makes high-fibre foods harder to tolerate.
but fibre isn’t an optional nutrient. over time, underconsumption can affect health and performance through increased inflammation, slower recovery, and reduced efficiency in carbohydrate metabolism.
supplement overload
another striking finding was the sheer reliance on supplements. eighty-seven percent of the athletes reported using at least one. their use sometimes resulted in intakes above the tolerable upper intake levels for specific vitamins and minerals.
this raises two concerns. first, over-reliance on supplements suggests that some athletes may not meet their needs through whole food sources, whether due to convenience, availability, or misunderstanding. second, consistently exceeding safe intake thresholds, even with over-the-counter supplements, can have negative health consequences over time.
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supplements certainly have their place, especially in travel-heavy, performance-focused lifestyles. but they’re meant to supplement, not replace, nutrient-rich food. and when used without individual assessment or guidance, they can mask deeper gaps or create new ones.
case for individualized guidance
the key takeaway isn’t that paracyclists are undernourished or careless. on the contrary, most are doing remarkably well within the limited framework they’ve been given. but that’s the problem: the framework isn’t built for them.
unlike able-bodied athletes, whose needs can often be predicted based on muscle mass, body weight, and general metabolic rate, para-athletes may experience wide variations in energy expenditure and nutrient needs based on the nature of their impairment. for instance, someone with a spinal cord injury may have lower calorie requirements but higher needs for specific nutrients that support muscle maintenance and immune function.
treating all athletes the same may seem fair, but it creates an uneven playing field in practice.
what’s needed is a shift from generalized best practices to individualized, evidence-informed nutrition strategies. these strategies must account for physical impairments, sport demands, and lifestyle realities—whether that means adjusted carbohydrate loading protocols, alternative hydration strategies, or new gut health and fibre intake approaches.
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moving toward food first
the study also highlights a broader opportunity: to elevate food quality, not just quantity.
while supplements can plug gaps, real performance gains come from the foundation—whole grains, legumes, pulses, vegetables and minimally processed foods. these offer macro- and micronutrients, phytochemicals and fibre that support long-term health and day-to-day function.
for paracyclists—and by extension, many para-athletes—a “food-first” strategy focused on nutrient-dense, adaptable meal planning could support training and recovery without relying on pills and powders.
better education, better access, and better integration of nutrition into the coaching and support infrastructure are key.
building equity into performance
at its core, this research isn’t just about micronutrients. it’s about equity in high-performance sport.
paracyclists are pushing their bodies to the limit. they compete on the world stage, represent their countries, and demonstrate athletic excellence at every level. but their nutritional needs—and others—are often sidelined in the rush to apply able-bodied standards to everyone.
creating tailored nutrition plans isn’t just a performance tool. it’s a recognition of these athletes’ unique demands and a commitment to support them with the same level of scientific rigour and care as any other elite competitor.
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it means seeing them not just as athletes, but as individuals with specific physiological needs, diverse experiences, and the same drive to win. and that starts with what’s on their plate.
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